What's Wrong With My Plant? - How to Diagnose Nutrient Deficiencies in Cannabis
Updated: May 23
If you've ever grown cannabis, you know just how easily nutrient deficiencies can occur. Fortunately, most cases of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities have simple solutions.
In this article, we're going to discuss
Leaf anatomy
Symptoms of essential nutrient deficiencies & toxicities
The importance of pH to nutrient availability
Treatment options for correcting nutrient imbalances
Table of Contents
The Plant Nutrient Deficiency Chart
Diagnosing a Nutrient Deficiency
Understanding Nutrients
Nutrients are vital for plant growth and diagnosing nutrient can be difficult if you don't understand how nutrients interact with each other.
Before we learn how to diagnose nutrient deficiencies in cannabis plants, we'll need to learn a bit about how nutrients work on a cellular level.
Leaf Anatomy
Before we go any further, lets define a few terms:
Macronutrients
Macronutrients are elements that plants need in large quantities. These nutrients have a direct effect on critical plant functions, like amino acid (protein) formation, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur all fall into this category.
Micronutrients
Micronutrients play an indirect role in plant biology and must be present for certain chemical reactions to take place; such as protein synthesis and regulating osmotic pressure.
Micronutrient deficiencies often occur simultaneously.
Iron, boron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, chlorine, zinc, cobalt, vanadium, silicon, and sodium are all micronutrients.
Mobile vs. Immobile
In addition to being micro or macro, nutrients can also be categorized as Mobile or Immobile.
Mobility affects where nutrient deficiencies first appear so by understanding which nutrients fall into which categories, we are able to diagnose nutrient issues more accurately.
The NPK Ratio
The NPK ratio is prominently featured on the front of most nutrient products and soils. The NPK ratio represents the percentage (by volume) of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium that the product contains.
Why is pH Important?
The plant's ability to absorb nutrients is heavily dependant on the pH of the soil in which the plant resides. Macronutrients tend to be more available at higher pH levels whereas micronutrients tend to be more available at lower pH levels.
Conversely, plants can lock out nutrients if the pH is imbalanced.
The most common cause of nutrient deficiencies in plants is not a lack of nutrients, but rather a pH imbalance that is preventing the plant from being able to absorb the nutrients in the first place.
Before you augment your nutrient regiment, check the pH of your soil with a soil pH tester. You can also collect the runoff water that drains out of the bottom of the pot and test the runoff with a water-based pH meter.
Ideally, your pH should always be between 6.0 and 7.0.
Always measure the pH of your water with a good pH meter right before you feed your plants to ensure that your plants receive the maximum benefit from the nutrients.
Adjust the pH as necessary with pH Up & Down additives.
The Plant Nutrient Deficiency Chart
Diagnosing a Nutrient Deficiency
Use the chart below to quickly identify nutrient deficiencies.
If you recognize a particular pattern of symptoms and suspect that your plants may be exhibiting symptoms of a particular nutrient, you can click on the list of nutrients beneath the list to learn more about how to correct the problem.
Get to Know Your Nutrients
Here is a list of the 17 nutrients that plants require. Click to learn more about the function of each individual nutrient, as well as symptoms of toxicity and deficiency; and how to treat both.
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Iron (Fe)
Boron (B)
Manganese (Mn)
Copper (Cu)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Chlorine (Cl)
Zinc (Zn)
Cobalt (Co)
Vanadium (V)
Silicon (Si)
Sodium (Na)
Nitrogen Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: N (Macro/Mobile)
Function
Nitrogen plays a role in forming amino acids (proteins), nucleic acids (RNA & DNA), enzymes, coenzymes, cell membranes, and chlorophyll.
Symptoms of Deficiency
A nitrogen deficiency is the most common ailment among cannabis plants. Early symptoms include chlorosis (yellowing) of the lower leaves. The yellowing typically starts in the midrib (the spinal cord of the leaf blade) and expands outward as the symptoms progress.
The yellowing will work it's way up toward the top of the plant if the deficiency is left untreated.
In a late stage nitrogen deficiency, the entire plant may turn pale yellowish-green with small, sparse leaves. Stems may turn red; but red stems may also indicate a phosphorus deficiency.
Nitrogen deficiency is more common in loose, sandy soils.
How to Fix a Nitrogen Deficiency
There are a number of different ways to fix a nitrogen deficiency; and choosing the proper course of action for your particular situation depends largely on what is causing the deficiency in the first place.
If you're already using fertilizer, the problem is likely a pH imbalance in your soil or water.
Make sure that your pH meter is calibrated properly to avoid misdiagnosing the problem.
Proper Fertilization
Use a water-soluble, high-nitrogen fertilizer when watering your plants. You should see the green color start to return after about 4 days.
Store bought nutrient fertilizers are a good option for treating deficiencies in the short-term because they are shelf-stable and ionized to allow for faster absorption. Almost every store bought fertilizer will contain nitrogen, but it's still a good idea to verify to amount of nitrogen by checking the N-P-K ratio.
For a long-term fix, consider augmenting your soil with organic nutrients that will help fix nitrogen over time.
High-nitrogen soil amendments include:
Bat & seabird guano
Earthworm castings
Blood meal
Urine (diluted with 10 times as much water)
Symptoms of Toxicity
It's also possible to add too much nitrogen. Although rare, nitrogen toxicity is still something you'll need to manage and avoid.
An excess of nitrogen can cause lush, dark green leaves that are particularly susceptible to pests and diseases. Stalks become weak and become prone to damage.
Plants may turn a golden copper color before wilting and dying.
Treat nitrogen toxicity with frequent, heavy irrigation.
Phosphorus Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: P (Macro/Mobile)
Function
Phosphorus is a vital component of sugar phosphates (ATP), nucleic acids (RNA & DNA), lipids, and coenzymes. Phosphorus also promotes healthy root formation and flowering.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Phosphorus deficiency will lead to stunted growth and small, dark, blueish green leaves. Branches, petioles, and main leaf veins may develop a reddish-purple tint.
The tips of lower leaves may turn brown and curl downward. Lower leaves may even become stiff and brittle.
Flowering may be delayed and when flowers eventually develop they will be prone to fungal diseases.
Phosphorus deficiencies are also more common in colder weather.
How to Fix a Phosphorus Deficiency
Make sure that you're using nutrients that are suitable for flowering as opposed to growth and that your growing environment is warmer than 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius).
Every commercially available cannabis nutrient regimen will contain phosphorus, so if you're confident that your soil already contains sufficient phosphorus, the culprit is likely a pH imbalance.
To fix a phosphorus deficiency, use a pH meter to make sure that your soil and water have a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. Adjust your pH as necessary with pH Up & Down and be sure to use a water-soluble phosphorus supplement if you feel that supplementation is appropriate.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Plants use heavy amount of phosphorus for just about everything so it's difficult to give them too much. However, toxic levels of phosphorus can reduce the availability of zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium in newer leaves.
Simply reducing the amount of phosphorus you give your plants and flushing the substrate with water should be enough to cure toxicity.
Potassium Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: K (Macro/Mobile)
Function
Potassium is the primary intracellular cation and a major enzyme catalyst. Potassium also drives stomatal movement and fuels the "hydrogen pump" that powers the cell.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Potassium deficiencies manifest differently depending on the age of the plant. Look for chlorotic mottling on younger leaves.
Older leaves may develop brown "burn" at the margins. Stalks weaken and fall off easily. Small branches and petioles may turn red. Flowers are small and sparse.
Potassium deficiencies are more common in cold & dry weather. Insufficient light and sandy soil can also be to blame.
How to Treat a Potassium Deficiency
Apply potash or potassium sulfate fertilizer directly to the soil and wait a few weeks.
Unlike nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium is available to the plant over a much broader pH range so if you're experiencing symptoms of a potassium deficiency, there likely isn't enough potassium in the soil.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Excessive amount of potassium can scorch plants and lead to wilting. Toxicity can also cause the plant to lock out calcium and/or magnesium.
Treat toxicity by flushing your soil with water.
Calcium Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Ca (Macro/Immobile)
Function
Calcium acts as cement within the cell wall and regulates Nitrogen metabolism. Calcium also helps promote healthy root and stem development.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Leaves that are deficient in calcium may become distorted and wither. Their margins curl and their tips hook backward.
Growth becomes stunted, branches become brittle, and roots become discolored.
Flowers at the apex may wither and die.
Calcium deficiency leaves plants exposed to stem and root pathogens including:
Botrytis
Fusarium
Rhizoctonia fungi
Ditylenchus nematodes
Deficiencies are most common in acidic, sandy soil; and in overly humid environments.
How to Fix a Calcium Deficiency
Cannabis requires large amount of calcium. However, most store-bought nutrients omit calcium from their products because of the varying amounts of calcium that exist in municipal water supplies.
Regions with particularly hard water may not need to supplement their nutrient regimen with calcium at all but growers in places with softer water will need to supplement with Cal-Mag or similar products.
In any case, your water should have around 120 ppm (parts per million) of calcium.
Cal-Mag is an excellent way to address a calcium deficiency quickly. Adding 1/2 teaspoon per gallon of hydrated lime to your water is also a good idea.
Organic sources of calcium make good additions to a compost heap. However it takes calcium about 18 months to start to decompose and around 50 years to break down entirely; so they offer little benefit in correcting a serious deficiency in time for harvest.
Organic sources of calcium include:
Bones
Egg shells
Sea shells
Symptoms of Toxicity
Calcium toxicity is extremely rare, however excess calcium can lead to wilting and cause the plant to lock out magnesium, potassium, iron, and manganese.
Sulphur Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: S (Macro/Immobile)
Function
Sulphur is a required component of amino acids, enzymes, and coenzymes. Sulphur is also involved in the formation of vitamins.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Sulphur deficiencies in cannabis plants often resemble nitrogen deficiencies and include chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves.
The one major difference is that nitrogen deficiencies first appear at the bottom of the plant in the older leaves, whereas sulphur deficiencies first appear at the top of the plant in younger leaves.
Plant stems may become thin and brittle.
Insufficient watering will exacerbate sulphur deficiency, however plants usually recover quickly after receiving water.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Leaves may appear 'dirty' and exhibit stunted growth as well as a general lack of vigor.
Treat sulphur toxicity by reducing the amount of calcium in your feeding regimen.
Magnesium Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Mg (Macro/Mobile)
Function
Magnesium is the core of chlorophyll. Magnesium also regulates phosphorus metabolism and may activate enzymes that synthesize THC.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Look for yellowing between the veins; which may turn dark green. Extreme deficiencies are characterized by the appearance of white leaves.
Deficiencies may be more pronounced after fertilizing with heavy amounts of ammonical nitrogen or potassium.
Magnesium deficiency is most common in sandy, acidic soils; and is often seen after excessive rainfall or heavy watering.
How to Treat a Magnesium Deficiency
Plants usually recover quickly after proper supplementation from products like Cal-Mag.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Excess magnesium can result in small, dark, green leaves with curled edges.
Adding pure calcium can help resolve magnesium toxicity.
Micronutrient Deficiencies
Since micronutrients are only required in trace quantities, it's somewhat rare to experience a true micronutrient deficiency.
The vast majority of micronutrient deficiencies can be attributed to nutrient lock out resulting from alkaline soil or water; and can be treated by acidifying your soil and lowering the pH of your water.
Micronutrient deficiencies often occur simultaneously with one another and present with similar symptoms - Yellowing between the veins on young leaves.
Zinc, iron, and manganese and the three most common nutrient deficiencies and often appear together when the pH of the substrate rises above 6.5.
Products like Cal-Mag almost always include trace elements, so if you're supplementing with Calcium, you shouldn't need to add any other products to your feeding regimen.
If you choose to supplement with your own micronutrients, make sure that any metal you give your plants is chelated (bonded with organic matter in a way that makes the metal available to the plant by keeping it soluble in water and less reactive with other materials.)
Iron Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Fe (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Iron occurs in respiratory enzymes and is a catalyst of chlorophyll formation. Iron may also play a role in THC synthesis.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Early signs of iron deficiencies include yellowing between the veins. More severe deficiencies may lead to white leaves with burnt or necrotic margins.
Iron deficiencies are most common in alkaline soils, as well as soils that contain excessive amounts of potassium or heavy metals.
Lowering the pH of your water or using an acidifying agent will help increase the availability of iron.
Boron Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: B (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Boron is needed for the formation of enzymes. Boron also regulates Calcium and Potassium metabolization, promotes root development, and prevents tissue necrosis.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Look for grey specks on leaves as well as yellowing of younger leaves and twisted new growth.
Terminal buds turn brown or grey and then die, followed by lateral buds.
Stalks may swell at the base and then crack.
Boron deficiencies are most common in high humidity.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Excess Boron causes discoloration at leaf tips and margins.
Manganese Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Mn (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Manganese is a component of photosynthetic enzymes and plays a role in Nitrogen and Iron metabolism. Manganese may also play a role in THC synthesis.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Like other micronutrient deficiencies, a lack of manganese presents with yellowing between the veins of newer leaves, white leaf margins, stunted growth, and necrotic spotting.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Manganese toxicity is common in acidic soils, low humidity environments, and in soils that have been sterilized with steam.
Excess manganese leads to mottled leaves with orange-brown spots.
Copper Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Cu (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Copper is a component of respiratory and photosynthetic enzymes. Copper is also involved in the formation of cell walls as well as lignification.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Plants that are deficient in copper have difficulty standing up straight due to a lack of rigidity in the xylem (backbone of the stems).
Young leaves wilt and show signs of necrosis at the tips and at the margins.
Copper deficiencies are particularly common in peat soils.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Excess copper can result in iron deficiencies, particularly in acidic soils.
A common cause of toxicity is repeated use of copper-based fungicides.
Molybdenum Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Mo (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Molybdenum serves as a component of the enzymes that are required for Nitrogen metabolism.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Younger leaves begin to spiral, grow pale, and wither.
Molybdenum deficiencies are most common in acidic soils.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Excess molybdenum is rare but it can cause the plant to lock out iron and copper.
Chlorine Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Cl (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Chlorine is a major intracellular anion. Chlorine also activates photosynthesis and bonds with potassium to regulate osmotic pressure.
Symptoms of Deficiency
A lack of chlorine will cause yellowing of younger leaves and eventually lead to bronzing and wilting of leaves.
Chlorine deficiency is rare and easy to correct.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Similar to cases of deficiency, chlorine toxicity also leads to bronzing.
Zinc Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Zn (Micro/Mobile)
Function
Zinc is required for DNA and protein synthesis as well as the formation of auxins and other growth hormones.
Symptoms of Deficiency
Zinc deficiency in cannabis plants causes yellowing between the veins of the younger leaves. Newer growth may appear to twist and spiral.
Flowers are small and deformed; and may drop off of the plant prematurely. Stems are short and brittle.
Zinc deficiencies are most common in alkaline soil that is low in organic matter.
Symptoms of Toxicity
Excess zinc causes dark, mottled leaves.
Cobalt Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Co (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Cobalt enhances the growth of organisms that work to fix Nitrogen and is a component of vitamin B12.
Vanadium Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: V (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Vanadium promotes chlorophyll synthesis and plays a role in oxidation-reduction reactions
Silicon Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Si (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Silicon forms enzyme complexes that regulate photosynthesis. Silicon also plays a role in the structural rigidity of cell walls.
Sodium Deficiency in Plants
Symbol: Na (Micro/Immobile)
Function
Sodium is involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure.
Bibliography
J.M. McPartland, R.C. Clarke, and D.P. Watson (2000) 'Hemp Diseases and Pests', CABI Publishing, Chapter 4: Insects and Mites, pp. 10-12, 155-157
J.C. Stitch (2008) 'Marijuana Garden Saver', Edited by Ed Rosenthal, Quick Trading Company, Chapter 2: Pests, pp. 1-32
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